Japan has greatly contributed to agricultural trade expansion, as a leading importer and the largest net-importer of farm products. As a consequence, Japan’s food self-sufficient declined to 39 percent in caloric intake basis, the lowest this circumstance in major developed countries. Under this circumstance, 78 percent of the Japanese are concerned about the stability of future food supply and 95 percent are calling for ensuring national food security. As the basic plan calls for raising the calorie-based self-sufficiency rate to 45 percent and the output-based self-sufficiency rate to 76 percent by the end of 2015, the government's agricultural policy has encouraged self-sufficiency in the more important commodities, enlarging the size of the average holding, and closing the gap between rural and urban incomes. However, there is a variety of constraints, such as the rapidly diminishing availability of arable land and falling agricultural incomes, which unable to Japan to improve agricultural productivity. The most striking feature of Japanese agriculture is the shortage of farmland in that only 12.6% of Japan's land is arable, and uncultivated or abandoned arable land is increasing. Japan’s average farm size is merely 1.8 ha, so that more time is needed to catch up even with the European standard, considering its scattered ownership and slow mobility of farmland. In addition, the agricultural sector employs a relatively large proportion of the working population in comparison to its contribution to national income, but the percentage of the workforce in agriculture is dropping. Many farmers are currently leaving agriculture for manufacturing, ageing farmers abandoning cultivated land causes shrinking agricultural production further, and service-industry employment, and most others have to rely on outside occupations for a substantial part of their income. At the same time, it expresses concern that population declines and stagnation in local economies could weaken the agricultural sector, thus jeopardizing food-supply stability, the preservation of the natural environment, and the continuation of traditions and culture. As a significant step toward revitalization of agriculture and the enlargement of farming scale is to promote the concept of local consumption of local produce. The program of local consumption of local produce has been promoted in various local communities because consumers appreciate reasonable prices, appropriate quantities, and remarkable freshness and taste of such products. Furthermore, dissemination of outside consumption and local produce so that farmers can improve their economic levels. In addition to dissemination of the initiatives of local consumption of local produce among consumers, collaboration among various sectors including producers, educational institutions, local government and consumer groups is indispensable for further promotion of the initiatives. Besides the waste biomass that has conventionally been the primary focus of biomass utilization, new steps to develop agriculture that transcends the framework of food production will be promoted, by promoting the use of unused biomass and energy crops.